HIV-2 is a less common type of human immunodeficiency virus. Like HIV-1, it targets immune cells and can cause immune system suppression over time, but it is generally linked to slower disease progression. HIV-2 remains clinically significant and requires accurate diagnostic confirmation and ongoing medical follow-up.

HIV-1 is the most common type of human immunodeficiency virus. It primarily targets immune cells (especially CD4 T-cells) and, if untreated, can gradually weaken the immune system over time. HIV-1 is the main driver of the global HIV epidemic and is the type most people refer to when they say “HIV”.

RAB38 is a member of the Ras-related protein family and functions as a key regulator of intracellular membrane trafficking, especially within the endosomal-lysosomal system. Mainly found in the cytoplasm, RAB38 coordinates the movement and fusion of membrane-bound vesicles, ensuring accurate sorting and delivery of cargo molecules. This protein has a specialized role in melanosome biogenesis, supporting the maturation and transport of melanosomes—organelles responsible for melanin synthesis and distribution in melanocytes. Through its interactions with effector proteins and membrane fusion machinery, RAB38 facilitates these essential cellular processes.

PAX1 (Paired Box 1): PAX1 is a key regulatory gene involved in the development of the spine and thoracic cage. It plays a crucial role in skeletal formation, and mutations in PAX1 can lead to congenital spinal and skeletal malformations.

p-Cresol sulfate is a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria through the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. It is primarily detoxified in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Higher levels may indicate increased bacterial protein fermentation, impaired detoxification, or reduced renal clearance. Balanced levels reflect efficient gut microbial metabolism and normal liver–kidney function.

MTRR (Methionine Synthase Reductase): MTRR is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regenerating methylcobalamin, supporting the continuous function of MTR in homocysteine metabolism. It is essential for maintaining proper methionine levels and normal DNA synthesis. Mutations in MTRR are associated with homocystinuria, which can lead to developmental and neurological complications. Understanding MTRR function provides insights into potential therapies for genetic disorders.

ZKSCAN5 (Zinc Finger with KRAB and SCAN Domains 5): ZKSCAN5 encodes a zinc finger protein that includes KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) and SCAN (SRE-ZBP, CTfin51, AW-1, and Number 18 cDNA) domains. These domains are crucial for transcriptional regulation and DNA binding. The specific functions of ZKSCAN5 are still being studied.

Sarcosine is an amino acid that supports mental health and metabolism. It plays a role in the synthesis of other amino acids, aids muscle growth, and supports cognitive function. Naturally found in egg yolks, turkey, and legumes, sarcosine is associated with brain health and is being researched for its potential benefits in mental health.

CASQ2 (Calsequestrin 2): CASQ2 is a protein involved in calcium storage within the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells. It plays a key role in regulating calcium balance and cardiac muscle contraction. Mutations in CASQ2 are linked to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a condition characterized by irregular heartbeats triggered by physical activity or stress.

LBP (Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein): LBP is a protein that plays a crucial role in the immune response to bacterial infections. It binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and helps activate the innate immune system. LBP is a vital part of the body’s defense against bacterial pathogens.

Tarragon is a fragrant herb known for its distinct anise-like flavor and is commonly used to enhance the taste of various dishes. While generally safe, some individuals may experience tarragon intolerance, which can affect their ability to consume it without discomfort.

REX1BD (REX1 Basic Domain): REX1BD is a gene region defined by a basic domain that may play a role in DNA binding or protein–protein interactions. Although its precise functions and roles within cellular processes are not yet fully understood, ongoing research seeks to clarify its importance in biological systems.

PFKP (Phosphofructokinase, Platelet): PFKP is a critical enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that controls the pace of glucose metabolism. It facilitates the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Proper regulation of PFKP is vital for cellular energy production, and its dysregulation has been studied in cancer, where altered glucose metabolism is frequently observed.

SCAMP5 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 5): SCAMP5 is a member of the SCAMP family, involved in membrane trafficking processes. It plays a key role in regulating membrane recycling and exocytosis, especially in neurons. SCAMP5 is important for neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication, and its function may have implications in neurological disorders.

ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B): ADH1B is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the initial step of alcohol metabolism, converting ethanol into acetaldehyde. Genetic variations in ADH1B can affect the speed of alcohol metabolism, influencing alcohol tolerance and the risk of alcohol-related diseases.

NUDT9 (Nudix Hydrolase 9): NUDT9 is a gene that encodes a member of the Nudix hydrolase family. Proteins in this family are involved in the hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. While the specific substrates and functions of NUDT9 are still being investigated, it plays a role in nucleotide metabolism and cellular homeostasis.

LIN7C (Lin-7 Homolog C, Crumbs Cell Polarity Complex Component): LIN7C is a protein that embodies the role of the LIN7 family in establishing and maintaining cell polarity. It is crucial for proper cell function and tissue organization, especially in neural and epithelial cells. Mutations or dysregulation of LIN7C can impair cell polarity and signaling, potentially leading to developmental abnormalities or disease.

Fruit allergies, such as those to kiwi, mango, and banana, are increasingly recognized and result from the body's immune response to specific proteins in these fruits. These allergies can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild discomfort to severe reactions, making it essential to identify and manage them effectively to maintain health and well-being.

Acinetobacter spp. are a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and occasionally in the human gut. Although not typically predominant in a healthy microbiome, certain strains can colonize the intestines, especially after antibiotic use or in hospital settings. Some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are recognized for their antibiotic resistance and their role in infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In stool analysis, the presence of Acinetobacter may indicate environmental exposure, microbial imbalance, or antibiotic-induced changes in gut flora.

KCNMB3 (Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Regulatory Beta Subunit 3): KCNMB3 belongs to a family of calcium-activated potassium channels that play a role in regulating neuronal excitability and vascular tone. This gene is crucial for blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular health, and variations in KCNMB3 may be linked to hypertension and heart disease.

Tuna and salmon are popular fish choices worldwide, known for their flavor and nutritional benefits. However, some people may have allergic reactions to these fish — a condition that can range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening reactions. Understanding the symptoms, triggers, and management strategies for tuna and salmon allergies is essential for those affected.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus), commonly known as the European house dust mite, is a common indoor allergen. These microscopic organisms thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on organic matter such as shed human skin flakes. Their body fragments and waste products can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in sensitive individuals.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a herbaceous plant from the mint family, best known for its stimulating effects on cats. While not typically consumed by humans, some people may experience catnip intolerance — a sensitivity to its compounds that can cause digestive discomfort. This is different from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA) is a measurement that reflects the breakdown of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter in the body. It is mainly used as a clinical marker, especially for detecting and monitoring carcinoid tumors that may produce excess serotonin. Urinary 5-HIAA levels can also serve as an approximate indicator of the body’s overall serotonin levels.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through multiple stages—primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary—and can affect different organ systems over time. Syphilis is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex, and can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis.

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that results from the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. It is transported to the liver, where it is processed and excreted into the bile. Proper liver function ensures bilirubin is efficiently filtered from the blood and converted into a form that can be eliminated through the digestive system. Blood bilirubin levels are an important indicator of liver health, bile duct function, and red blood cell turnover.

Shellfish allergies are a type of food allergy that affect both adults and children. This allergy often includes a variety of shellfish such as blue mussel, oyster, clam, and scallop. Because allergic reactions can be severe, it is important for those affected to understand how to recognize and manage a shellfish allergy.

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress load, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those with fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) are a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids play crucial roles in muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and recovery, especially during physical activity. Measuring total BCAA levels in the blood provides insight into protein metabolism, nutritional status, and muscle health. Imbalances may be linked to poor dietary intake, metabolic dysfunction, or increased demand due to stress, illness, or intense training. BCAA levels are especially important for athletes, individuals experiencing fatigue, or those recovering from illness or muscle loss.

Blood group B has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood type can donate blood to those with blood group B or AB. They can receive blood from donors with blood group B or O. Blood group B is less common in certain areas. Compatibility is essential for safe transfusions.

Barley is a commonly used grain found in a variety of foods and drinks — from bread and cereals to beer. For some people, barley can trigger an allergic reaction because of its protein content. It’s important for those affected to recognize the symptoms and manage a barley allergy properly.

Citrate is a compound that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle, essential for energy production in aerobic organisms. It helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP (energy). Citrate also supports the regulation of the body’s acid-base balance and contributes to kidney stone prevention by binding with calcium.

IgG antibodies are produced later in the immune response and usually indicate past exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. They generally appear 2–3 weeks after the onset of infection and can remain detectable for months or even years. A positive IgG result does not necessarily mean there is an active infection but shows that the immune system has previously encountered the pathogen. When used alongside IgM testing, IgG helps distinguish between active, recent, and past infections.

SELENOM (Selenoprotein M): SELENOM is part of the selenoprotein family, proteins that contain selenium. It is mainly located in the brain and is thought to have antioxidant effects. Although its precise function in neurological processes is not completely known, SELENOM may help shield neurons from oxidative stress, which could have implications for neurodegenerative disorders.

The Monkeypox virus A29L antigen is a surface protein linked to the monkeypox virus (Mpox), a zoonotic virus that can spread from animals to humans and between people. Detecting the A29L antigen in a sample signals an active infection, as antigens are usually present during the early symptomatic stage of the illness.

PRIMA1 (Proline Rich Membrane Anchor 1): PRIMA1 is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for anchoring acetylcholinesterase to neuronal membranes. This protein plays a crucial role in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is essential for regulating cholinergic neurotransmission. It is also a focus of research in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

MDFI (MyoD Family Inhibitor): MDFI is a gene involved in regulating muscle differentiation and development. It acts as an inhibitor of MyoD family transcription factors, which are key regulators of myogenesis. By modulating their activity, MDFI helps control muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, playing a vital role in muscle formation and repair. Dysregulation of MDFI can affect muscle development and regeneration.

Firmicutes is one of the major bacterial phyla in the human gut microbiome, comprising many species involved in extracting energy from food. These bacteria efficiently break down complex carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids, which can support gut and metabolic health. However, a disproportionately high ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes has been linked in some studies to obesity and metabolic disturbances. Therefore, the balance of Firmicutes is an important marker for assessing microbial diversity and potential metabolic tendencies. Individual health effects depend on overall composition and host factors.

New World hookworms (Necator americanus) are parasitic worms commonly found in the Americas. These parasites attach to the intestinal walls of their hosts, leading to chronic blood loss, anemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae can penetrate the skin from contaminated soil, putting individuals who come into contact with such environments at risk of infection.

King crab, a highly prized delicacy in seafood cuisine, is appreciated for its rich flavor and tender texture. However, some people may have an intolerance to king crab, which can restrict their ability to enjoy this seafood.

Pinworms (Oxyuris), also known as threadworms, are common intestinal parasites, especially in children. These small, white worms cause itching around the anus, disrupted sleep, and irritability due to their nighttime egg-laying. Infection spreads through the fecal-oral route, often by ingesting microscopic eggs from contaminated hands, surfaces, or food.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein primarily produced by the liver that binds and transports sex steroids—mainly testosterone and estradiol—in the bloodstream. By binding these hormones, SHBG controls how much is biologically available to tissues. Higher SHBG levels typically decrease the free (unbound) fraction of testosterone and estradiol, while lower SHBG levels increase it. Due to this regulatory function, SHBG plays a key role in hormonal balance for both men and women and is often measured alongside total testosterone and estradiol to help with interpretation.

Eggplant intolerance, also known as aubergine intolerance in some regions, is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting eggplant. Unlike an eggplant allergy, which involves an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance mainly results in gastrointestinal discomfort. Individuals with eggplant intolerance usually experience digestive issues after eating eggplant.

Cabbage intolerance refers to difficulty digesting cabbage, often causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cabbage allergy, which triggers an immune response, this intolerance is related to digestion and usually leads to symptoms after consuming cabbage.

Herring intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest herring, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a herring allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to severe reactions, herring intolerance usually causes only digestive symptoms after consuming this type of fish.

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers. Unlike a chamomile tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort. People with chamomile tea intolerance usually experience gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking chamomile tea.

Acarus siro, commonly known as the flour mite, is a species frequently found in stored grains and flour. These mites can thrive in kitchen cupboards and pantries, especially in humid environments. For sensitive individuals, exposure may cause allergic reactions and can be particularly problematic for those with preexisting respiratory issues.

Honey intolerance is a condition where individuals have trouble digesting honey, a natural sweetener made by bees. It can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a honey allergy, which involves an immune response and can cause more serious symptoms. People with honey intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating honey or products that contain it.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol often called “bad” cholesterol. It transports cholesterol particles through the bloodstream, and elevated levels can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries. This buildup, known as atherosclerosis, can narrow and harden the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Rye intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest rye, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a rye allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms, rye intolerance usually results in digestive problems after eating rye or rye-based products.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including the inhibition of mineralization and the regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, indicating its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

Shrimp allergy is a common shellfish allergy caused by an immune reaction to proteins found in shrimp. It is one of the most common food allergies in adults and can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis. This allergy is typically lifelong and may be triggered by eating shrimp or even inhaling steam while cooking.

ATP8B1 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1) is a gene that encodes a phospholipid transporter located in the liver cell membrane. It plays a role in maintaining the lipid balance of cell membranes and bile. Mutations in ATP8B1 can cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), a group of inherited liver disorders.

Avocado intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting avocado, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an avocado allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions, avocado intolerance is limited to digestive symptoms that occur after eating avocado.

Urinary leukocytes are white blood cells found in urine. They are usually absent or present in very small amounts, and elevated levels often indicate infection or inflammation in the urinary tract or kidneys. Detecting them is an important indicator for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other kidney-related conditions.

Non-HDL cholesterol is a measure of all cholesterol types that can contribute to arterial plaque buildup, including LDL (low-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), and other atherogenic lipid particles. It is calculated by subtracting HDL (high-density lipoprotein), or "good" cholesterol, from total cholesterol. Non-HDL cholesterol is considered a more comprehensive indicator of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone, as it reflects all harmful cholesterol particles.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infections under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, especially Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are linked to conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. While they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always strictly classified as STIs.

Fennel intolerance is a condition in which the body has trouble digesting fennel, an aromatic herb commonly used in Mediterranean and Indian cooking. It usually causes gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a fennel allergy, which involves an immune response and can lead to more serious symptoms. People with fennel intolerance typically experience digestive problems after eating fennel or foods flavored with fennel.

Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can infect both humans and animals. These flat, segmented worms can grow to significant lengths. They usually enter the body through eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. While tapeworm infections can sometimes show no symptoms, they may also cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Threadworms (Strongyloides stercoralis) are tiny intestinal parasites that cause strongyloidiasis. They can be asymptomatic or cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and, in severe cases, malabsorption. Transmission occurs through skin contact with contaminated soil. These worms are notable for their ability to reproduce within the host, leading to persistent, long-lasting infections.

Dill intolerance is a condition where individuals have trouble digesting dill, an herb commonly used for its unique flavor in pickles, salads, and seafood dishes. It usually causes gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a dill allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms. People with dill intolerance typically experience digestive problems after eating dill or foods that contain it.

Beef intolerance is a condition where the digestive system reacts negatively to eating beef. Unlike a beef allergy, which causes an immune response and can be more serious, beef intolerance involves difficulty digesting or processing certain parts of beef.

ATP1B3 (ATPase Na⁺/K⁺ Transporting Subunit Beta 3): ATP1B3 is a component of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump that maintains cellular ion gradients essential for regulating cell volume and electrical activity. This subunit affects the pump’s activity and specificity, supporting muscle function, nerve signaling, and kidney filtration. Changes in ATP1B3 may be associated with cardiovascular and neurological disorders.

Urine density, also known as urine specific gravity, measures the concentration of solutes in urine. It indicates the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine and serves as a marker of hydration status and kidney function. Although normal values can vary, abnormalities may signal dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney conditions.

Lamb intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest lamb meat, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a lamb allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to severe symptoms, lamb intolerance typically results in digestive problems that occur after eating lamb.

HORMAD1 (HORMA Domain-Containing Protein 1): HORMAD1 is a gene that encodes a protein with a HORMA domain, which plays a role in chromosome dynamics during meiosis. It is essential for regulating homologous chromosome pairing and segregation, supporting genetic diversity and proper gamete formation.

Halibut intolerance is a condition where individuals have trouble digesting halibut, a flatfish commonly enjoyed as a seafood delicacy. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a halibut allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to more severe symptoms. People with halibut intolerance usually experience digestive problems after consuming halibut or dishes made with it.

Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan. It serves as a precursor to several important compounds, including the neuroprotective kynurenic acid and the neurotoxic quinolinic acid, and plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes in the body.

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds usually absent or present only in trace amounts in urine. Their presence can indicate a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), because certain bacteria can convert urinary nitrite into nitrate. Nitrate testing is a common diagnostic tool for detecting UTIs.

HPRT1 (Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1): HPRT1 is a crucial gene involved in purine metabolism. It catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine into inosine monophosphate (IMP), a key precursor for purine nucleotide synthesis. Mutations in HPRT1 can lead to Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities.

SERTAD2 (SERTA Domain Containing 2): SERTAD2 is a multifunctional protein that contains a SERTA domain, which is associated with cell cycle regulation. Beyond its role in cell cycle progression, SERTAD2 is involved in essential cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and chromatin remodeling. Its interactions with various transcription factors and co-regulators establish it as a key regulator of gene expression.

Grass pollen allergies indicate sensitivity to various types of grass—including sweet vernal, orchard grass, common reed, and bent grass. These allergens can significantly impact individuals who are prone to allergic reactions, affecting respiratory health, causing eye irritation, and reducing overall well-being. Understanding these allergies, recognizing the symptoms, and using effective management strategies can help lessen discomfort and enhance quality of life during peak pollen seasons.

Carrot allergy is an allergic reaction caused by specific proteins found in carrots. Although rare, it can affect individuals sensitive to certain plant-based foods. It is commonly associated with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS), especially in people allergic to birch or mugwort pollen because of cross-reactive proteins.

KMO (Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the kynurenine pathway, responsible for metabolizing the amino acid tryptophan. It helps regulate the balance of metabolites within this pathway, influencing processes that can affect brain health. KMO activity has been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia.

PKP4 (Plakophilin 4): PKP4 is a protein that supports cell-to-cell adhesion, especially within desmosomes — specialized structures that connect neighboring cells. It helps maintain tissue integrity, particularly in areas subjected to mechanical stress. Mutations in PKP4 can impair this function, leading to certain skin and heart disorders.

Grape intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest grapes, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a grape allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to severe reactions, grape intolerance generally causes digestive symptoms after eating grapes or products made from grapes.

Urobilinogen in urine is a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown, formed in the intestines from bilirubin and excreted in the urine. It is normally present in low concentrations and serves as an indicator of liver function and health. Abnormally high or low levels may suggest liver disease or blood-related conditions.

THADA (Thyroid Adenoma Associated): THADA is a gene linked to thyroid adenomas, a type of thyroid tumor. It may contribute to the development of thyroid tumors and has been associated with thyroid cancer progression, making it a key focus of ongoing research in thyroid diseases.

Pancreatic elastase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in protein digestion. Measuring its levels in stool can offer valuable insights into pancreatic function. Because the enzyme remains stable in fecal matter, it serves as a dependable marker for evaluating the exocrine function of the pancreas, particularly in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency.

SCAMP1 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 1): SCAMP1 is a protein involved in membrane trafficking processes, especially in the recycling of membrane proteins and in exocytosis. It plays a crucial role in cellular communication and the transport of substances within cells, which is vital for various cellular functions.

Allergies to seafood such as plaice, anchovy, and Alaska pollock occur when the immune system reacts to specific proteins in these fish. These reactions can cause a range of symptoms and may significantly impact diet and lifestyle. Understanding the triggers, symptoms, and management strategies is important for those living with these allergies.

Chicken intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest chicken, causing digestive discomfort. Unlike a chicken allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to immediate and severe reactions, chicken intolerance usually results in gastrointestinal symptoms after eating chicken.

COL11A1 (Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 Chain): COL11A1 is a gene that encodes a crucial component of type XI collagen, which is vital for the structure and integrity of connective tissue. Mutations in COL11A1 are associated with several connective tissue disorders, including certain forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Stickler syndrome.

The quantitative determination of nitrogen (N) is a laboratory test that measures nitrogen levels in bodily excretions, typically urine or feces, to evaluate protein digestion and absorption. This test is crucial for assessing nutritional status, especially in clinical settings where protein-energy malnutrition or imbalances may be a concern. It offers important insights into metabolic functions related to protein turnover and can help diagnose conditions affecting protein metabolism, including kidney disease, malabsorption syndromes, and certain metabolic disorders.

Dientamoeba fragilis is a single-celled parasite that lives in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is associated with dientamoebiasis, a condition that can cause a range of digestive symptoms. Its exact method of transmission and role in causing disease are still being studied.

SLC22A5 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5): SLC22A5 is a protein, also known as OCTN2, that acts as a primary carnitine transporter in the body. It enables the cellular uptake of carnitine, a molecule essential for transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. This process is crucial for energy metabolism in tissues such as the heart and muscles. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene can cause primary carnitine deficiency, a disorder characterized by muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy, underscoring its important role in metabolic health and energy regulation.

Cucumber intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest cucumber, often causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cucumber allergy, which triggers an immune response and may lead to more severe reactions, cucumber intolerance usually results in digestive symptoms after eating cucumber.

Baker’s yeast intolerance is a condition where individuals have trouble digesting baker’s yeast, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a baker’s yeast allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance is limited to digestive problems. Symptoms usually appear after consuming foods or beverages made with baker’s yeast.

ATXN1 (Ataxin 1): ATXN1 is a gene that encodes the ataxin-1 protein, which is involved in neuronal function. Mutations in ATXN1, particularly those with expanded CAG repeats, cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1)—a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor coordination and balance. Researching ATXN1 is crucial for understanding SCA1 and developing potential treatments for related neurological conditions.

GPR139 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) primarily found in the central nervous system, especially in areas involved in regulating neurotransmitter systems and neuronal activity. It is believed to modulate neurotransmission, particularly dopamine and glutamate signaling, and may function as an inhibitory receptor by decreasing cAMP levels and lowering neuronal excitability.

AMBRA1 (Autophagy and Beclin 1 Regulator 1): AMBRA1 is a crucial protein that regulates autophagy, the process by which cells break down and recycle their components. It promotes cell survival under stress by collaborating with BECN1 (Beclin 1) to initiate autophagosome formation. Proper AMBRA1 function is vital for cellular homeostasis, and its dysfunction has been linked to developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.

ALX4 (ALX Homeobox 4): ALX4 is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development of the skull and limbs. Mutations in this gene are associated with craniofacial malformations and skeletal abnormalities, highlighting its significance in bone formation and morphogenesis.

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in protein turnover by breaking down acetylated peptides. It participates in processing damaged or misfolded proteins, helping to maintain protein balance. Malfunctions in APEH can affect neurodegenerative processes and the body's ability to respond to oxidative stress.

SCARB1 (Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 1): SCARB1 is a protein that plays a key role in the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. It is essential for lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Variants in SCARB1 can affect cholesterol levels and have been linked to cardiovascular disease risk.

ALDH1A2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A2): ALDH1A2 is an enzyme in the aldehyde dehydrogenase family that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A. This conversion is essential for developmental processes such as embryogenesis, tissue patterning, and organ formation, as it regulates gene expression and cell differentiation through retinoic acid signaling. ALDH1A2 is highly expressed in developing tissues, including limb buds, the central nervous system, and sensory organs.

Palladium is a metal used in electronics, jewelry, and dental materials. While it is useful across various industries, high levels of inhalation or ingestion can be toxic, especially in occupational settings. Exposure may cause respiratory, skin, and digestive problems, and some individuals may develop allergic reactions such as dermatitis.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition where individuals have trouble digesting Alaska pollock, a type of fish, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to more severe symptoms, intolerance usually results in digestive problems after eating it.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and may cause serious, lasting damage to a woman’s reproductive system, increasing the risk of infertility. In some cases, it can also lead to a potentially life-threatening ectopic pregnancy, where the pregnancy develops outside the uterus.

KCTD1 (Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 1): KCTD1 is a protein that interacts with potassium channels, affecting their activity. It plays key roles in cellular functions such as signal transduction and ion transport. Mutations in KCTD1 have been linked to developmental disorders, especially those impacting skin and hair.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovaries that indicates a woman’s ovarian reserve, reflecting the number of eggs remaining. It is commonly used to assess fertility potential and is an important marker in reproductive medicine.